Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been a mainstay examination to clarify the biliary and pancreatic system. Under the trend of more and more procedures about ERCP being interventional, the rate of adverse events after the procedure is increasing. Among them, post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common and sometimes tremendous complication, which limits the wide use of ERCP. This mini-review will overview the PEP from definition, pathogenesis, risk factors to prevention, and summarized the optimal prevention strategy.